Taking a single data point and refining it so as to create or discriminate two separate data points.
Primary technique taught in many coaching schools. Too often we have “muddy thinking” where we unconsciously filter or combine things. We also project our thinking onto others and make assumptions about their thinking.
Talking a situation through with a coach can help bring clarity on what are the facts and what is true about the facts.

Reviewing our beliefs and values about people, events, ideas, etc.
We assimilate or accommodate information, in a given environmental situation, and make a conclusion, or create a belief, about that information. The belief can become a universal-personal truth (we apply it to most situations we encounter) or a context-specific truth (we apply it based upon some environmental criteria). The context can be a particular demographic (cultures, generations, countries) or event (gatherings, weather, passages) or ideas (philosophy, profession, ideology). As we grow older we find some of the contexts we made about life are no longer true. We may get caught up in an old belief system that no longer supports who we are today or who we want to be.
A coach helps to point out where a contextual belief may be getting in our way or how we may be showing up as it differs from what we interpret to be true.

The methods we employ to be successful.
Winning strategies are ploys we use to help us win at the game of life. We learn them as children and refine them as we grow older, becoming full-fledged masters by adulthood. We have difficulty accepting that anyone could possibly be successful without using ‘our’ winning strategy. We fight over which one is the best and feel vindicated when ours wins the ‘contest’. What is unfortunate is that we often get locked into this myopic system. We find ourselves in more and more situations where our strategies fail us and do not understand why; often lamenting, “I did everything right. What went wrong?”.
Talking with a coach can help bring clarity on where you limit yourself.

Shifting of a belief based upon another perspective.
Our adaptive unconscious is already-always listening. It seeks out patterns in the environment for which it needs to act. This heightened unconscious awareness of our surroundings kept our ancestors from being eaten; today it only gets in our way. In the modern world, this way of being seeks to confirm and re-enforce our pre-existing beliefs or assumptions. Too often, in our rush to make sense of the facts, we jump to conclusions which may be inaccurate or fail to see the larger picture.
A coach can help a client explore what is true about a given situation.

To take that which is perceived different and bring it into another context.
We sometimes believe we alone face the unique problem in front of us; or, we blame ourselves unjustly when life turns out the way it does; or, we may be out of alignment with what is expected of us; or, fail to see how we do not walk our talk. Sometimes we need an outside voice to help us ground what is really true.
A coach can help a client explore where they have gotten off track or how they might learn from another's situation, experience or action.